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Sprinting is the act of running over a short distance at (or near) top speed. It is used in many sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30–35 seconds due to the depletion of Phosphocreatine stores in muscles, and perhaps secondarily to excessive Metabolic acidosis as a result of Anaerobic glycolysis.〔 In athletics and track and field, sprints (or dashes) are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other.〔Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). (The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern ). BBC. Retrieved on 23 March 2010.〕 There are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres. These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100 yard dash,〔(100 m – Introduction ). IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 the 200 m distances came from the furlong (or 1/8 of a mile),〔(200 m Introduction ). IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter-mile race.〔 At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and push off using both legs for maximum force production.〔(100 m – For the Expert ). IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,〔(400 m Introduction ). IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.〔 All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.〔(200 m For the Expert ). IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 The 60 metres is a common indoor event and it is an indoor world championship event. Less common events include the 50 metres, 55 metres, 300 metres, and 500 metres which are used in some high school and collegiate competitions in the United States. The 150 metres, though rarely competed, has a star-studded history: Pietro Mennea set a world best in 1983,〔(Superb Bolt storms to 150m record ). BBC Sport (17 May 2009). Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 Olympic champions Michael Johnson and Donovan Bailey went head-to-head over the distance in 1997,〔Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). (Who is the fastest man in the world? ). The Science of Sport. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.〕 and Usain Bolt improved Mennea's record in 2009.〔 ==Biological factors for runners== Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include: *Muscular strength *Adrenaline use *Anaerobic respiration capacity *Breathing *Footspeed *Proportion of fast twitch muscles〔Quinn, Elizabeth (2007-10-30). (Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers ) About.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.〕 *Leg length *Pelvic width 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sprint (running)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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